Contents

Flags

Flag of the frontier guard,
ratio 2:3,
Source, by:

Flag of the President,
ratio 1:1,
Source, by: Flags of the World

Other Flags

Banner of St. George

Historical Flags

Flag-History

1.) Empire of Russia

2.) RSFSR, Soviet Russia

3.) Russian Federation

1.) Empire of Russia:

1699–1705, Merchant flag
1705–1858, National and merchant flag
1858–1917, Merchant flag
1883–1914, State flag,
Source, by: Wikipedia (DE)





1858–1915,
National flag,
Source, by: Wikipedia (DE)





1915–1917,
National and state flag,
Source, by: Wikipedia, World Statesmen





1699–1917,
Flag of the Tsar,
Source, by: Wikipedia, Flags of the World





1699–1917,
Flag of the Tsar at sea,
Source, by: Wikipedia, Flags of the World

2.) Soviet Russia (RSFSR):

1917–1918,
State flag,
de facto,
Source, by: World Statesmen





1918,
State flag,
Source, by: World Statesmen





1918–1937, State flag,
1918–1920, Naval flag,
ratio 1:2,
Source, by: World Statesmen, Flags of the World





1920–1924,
Naval flag,
ratio 1:2,
Source, by: Flags of the World





1918–1924,
Merchant flag (?),
ratio 1:2





1918–1924,
War flag,
ratio 2:3





1937–1954,
State flag,
ratio 1:2,
Source, by: World Statesmen





1954–1991,
State flag,
ratio 1:2,
Source, by: World Statesmen

3.) Russian Federation:

1991–1993
National flag,
ratio 1:2

Meaning/Origin of the Flag

The today's flag of Russia has a long tradition. It was in use over centuries in Russia as national, merchant, and state flag, except the 75 years of the Bolshevist-Communist dictatorship. It shows three horizontal stripes in white, blue and red. The flag was re-introduced on 23rd of August in 1991, and only changed in the format on 11th of December in 1993. The history of the Russian flag starts with the trip of the Tsar Peter I. (the Great) through Europe in the years 1697 and 1798. He visited on this occasion the Netherlands and was so elated about that country that he decided to take over the colours of this country for Russia, however in an other arrangement. In the year 1699 Peter I. created in this way the today's Russian tricolor. It was in use as merchant flag, what means at sea. Ashore the standard of the tsar was still valid as the symbol of the state. The tricolor became officially recognized not until the year 1799 and it was allowed as flag not until the year 1705. The colours were probably taken from the coat of arms of Moscow (red shield, on it St. George with blue coat and shield on a white horse) and later interpreted differently:
• white stands for the tsar, blue for the aristocracy and red for the people.
• White stands for the White Russians (Belarussians), blue for the Little Russians (Ukrainians) and red for the Great Russians.
• White stands for freedom, blue for the Mother of God and red for the power of the tsars.

The today's Federal Constitutional Law on the State Flag of the Russian Federation does not specify colours for the flag. The Russian state authorities specify the following Pantone colours when ordering flags: Blue = Pantone 286, Red = Pantone 485.

Tsar Peter introduced the war flag of Russia too. It is white with a diagonal blue cross (Cross of St. Andrews). Even the naval jack goes back to Tsar Peter. The standard of the tsar showed the drawing of the coat of arms namely a black eagle with two heads on golden ground, not accidentally similar to the flag of the German Empire respectively of Austria. It emphasized the claim of Russia and its Tsars to be successors of the Roman imperial dignity. The eagle carryed a red chest-shield with a portrayal of Saint George, the patron saint of Moscow. Around the chest-shield was placed the necklace of the Order of Andrew an on the wings various small blazons which represented the diverse parts of the Russian Empire. The eagle held in its claws an imperial orb (globe) and a scepter and was threefold crowned. On the imperial flag at sea the eagle carryed no small blazons but instead sea charts of the surrounding oceans in the claws and mouth. Out of the imperial claim of Russia was introduced in 1858 a new national flag. It showed likewise three horizontal stripes, but in black, gold and white, the colours of the coat of arms, black and gold (black eagle on golden ground) as soon as white, the colour of Saint George. However the white stripe served also for the differentiation to the similar designed flag of Austria. This flag was in use to 1915. It is even until today in use by monarchists in Russia. The white-blue-red flag remained as valid as merchant and state flag in this time. In the year 1915 the national and imperial symbols were combined in a new flag. The outbreak of the First World War was the cause for this doing. People and crown should be represented in unity. The national and state flag showed now three stripes again in white, blue and red, in the upper staff quadrant added by a square part of the imperial standard. The plain white-blue-red remained valid as merchant flag until the triumph of the bolshevist revolution (Lenin's coup d'état). After the resignation of the tsar (15th of March 1917) the plain white-blue-red flag was introduced again and for a few month under the civil government again and used for some years in the civil war after the Lenin's bolshevist coup d'état. Lenin's coup d'état of the year 1917 (also named as October Revolution) brought the bolshevists to the power in Nowember. Their most important symbols were the red flag, as well as hammer and sickle (unity of the employees in industry and agriculture) and red star (idea of the world revolution, per one jag stands for one continent). All the by the bolshevists introduced flags and also coats of arms based mostly on that heraldry. As well were the bolshevist flags nearly all designed in format 1:2 as a break with the monarchistic and civil format of 2:3. The red flag itself was in use for the first time during the French Revolution (1789) and also at further revolutions and revolts in France (1830, 1848, 1871). From the French revolutionars the red flag was took over to the marxists and bolshevists and became spreaded in the whole world. The on 10th of July in 1918 established Russian SFSR (Soviet Russia) adoped as national flag a red flag which showed in a with gold separated upper staff quadrant the letters "RSFSR". RSFSR meant "Russian Socialistic Federative Soviet Republic". This RSFSR became on 30th of December in 1922 a founder member of the Union of the Socialistic Soviet Republics (USSR, Soviet Union). On the occasion of the introduction of a new USSR constitution on 31st of January in 1924 the war flag and the merchant flag of the RSFSR became abolished. The army of the bolshevists in the civil war – the "Red Army" – used unofficially a red flag with a large red, golden lined star which sometimes contained hammer and sickle in gold. The Russian Red Army did not have an official, precisely defined flag. In the year 1954 the RSFSR received – like other soviet republics of the Soviet Union in this time too – a new and individually designed flag. It was indeed still red and showed hammer and sickle, but also a dark blue vertical stipe at the leech. That flag remained as valid to the 23rd of August in 1991. On this day was hoisted again the old Russian tricolor on the occasion of democratic reforms, and on the 31st of December in 1991 the bolshevist confederacy of the Soviet Union endet.

Many Slavic nations create in the 19th century own flags – in context with a growing Slavic nationalism. Thereby played the Panslavism an important roll, a political movement of the 18th/19th century, which would unite all Slavs in one nation. The most Slavic nations however lived in this times under Austrian, Turkish or even German rule. The Panslavism saw in Russia a model, because the Russians were nearly the only free Slavic nation. In this way the colours of the Russian flag became to an idol of the Panslavists, and in the end to a colour's pattern in the designing of the flags of many Slavic nations. Those flags carried and carry except few exceptions the Russian colours white, blue and red as mutual attribute. From there this colour's combination is named "Panslavic Colours".

Source: Wikipedia (D), Wikipedia (RU), Flaggen-Atlas Erde, National flagn der Welt, Flaggen und Coat of arms of the Welt, Alle Flaggen alle Staaten, Flags of the World, Volker Preuß

Coat of Arms

to 1917,
Coat of arms of the Empire of Russia



1917,
Coat of arms of the Republic of Russia



1920–1993,
Coat of arms of Soviet Russia



since 1993,
Coat of arms of Russia

Meaning/Origin of the Coat of Arms

The today's coat of arms of Russia was introduced on 30th of November in 1993. It resembles in principle the imperial coat of arms like it was in use to 1917, because the eagle is golden now and it was only changed the colour of the shield in red and the Saint George rides now from left to right through the chest-shield. The Russian coats of arms of the tsar times showed on a golden shield a black eagle with two heads. It was not accidentally similar to the flag of the German Empire respectively of Austria. It emphasized the claim of Russia and its Tsars to be successors of the Roman imperial dignity. The eagle weared a red chest-shield with a portrayal of Saint George – the patron saint of Moscow. Around the chest-shield was placed the necklace of the Order of Andrew an on the wings various small blazons which represented the diverse parts of the Russian Empire. The eagle held in its claws an imperial orb (globe) and a scepter and was threefold crowned. The Russian double-headed eagle looks to the east and to the west, each head wears a crown. The eagle was probably added by Tsar Peter the Great: Another, slightly larger crown appeared between the two crowned heads. The eagle looks with one head towards the west, towards Rome, with the other head towards the east, Constantinople (Byzantium, Eastern Rome). The third, hovering crown stands for Moscow, the Third Rome. Constantinople replaced Rome (after the schism) as the center of the world of the Christian Orthodoxy. After Constantinople was conquered by the Turks in the 15th century, Moscow saw itself as a worthy successor. The eagle was in this way also better to be distinguished from the double eagle of Byzantium and the eagle of the Holy Roman Empire of German Nation. With the moving of the capital of Russia to St. Petersburg, Moscow remained the coronation city of the Russian emperors and ramained – as the third Rome – the metropolis of the (Russian) Orthodox Christianity. After the abdication of the Tsar (15th of March in 1917), the Russian double-headed eagle was de-noblyzed. He lost the imperial sovereign symbols such as crown, sword, scepter etc. and thus it was also used by the Provisional Government of the Russian Republic (14th of September 1917 to 8th of November in 1917) under Alexander Fyodorovich Kerensky. Insofar, as there were figurative imperial eagle symbols, e.g. on the Duma lectern, they were also de-noblyzed. The "republicanization" of the Duma eagle is documented above all, even per foto. In the civil war, after the Bolshevik Lenin coup, the eagle was used by bourgeois groups for a few years. Lenin's coup d'état of the year 1917 (also named as October Revolution) brought the bolshevists to the power in Nowember. Their most important symbols were the red flag, as well as hammer and sickle (unity of the employees in industry and agriculture) and red star (idea of the world revolution, per one jag stands for one continent). All the by the bolshevists introduced flags and also coats of arms based mostly on that heraldry. The on 10th of July in 1918 established Russian SFSR (Soviet Russia) adoped in 1920 as coat of arms a portrayal of the rising sun completed by the usual bolshevist-communist heraldry. The coat of arms was changed a little bit repeatedly, finally on the 12th of April in 1979. Despite of political reforms and the withdraw of Russia out of the Soviet Union (8th of December 1991) that coat of arms remained as valid even to the 30th of November in 1993.

Source: Flags of the World, Wappen und Flaggen aller Nationen, Flaggen Wappen Hymnen, Volker Preuss, Jürgen Kaltschmitt

Aircraft Roundel

1912–1917,
Aircraft Roundel,
Source, by: Wikipedia (EN)



1917–1922,
Aircraft Roundel,
Source, by: Wikipedia (EN)



1992–2010,
Aircraft Roundel,
Source, by: Wikipedia (EN)



since 2010,
Aircraft Roundel,
Source, by: Wikipedia (EN)

Map

Location:

Source: CIA World Factbook

Numbers and Facts

Republics and Autonomous Regions

• Republic of Adygeya
• Republic of Altay
• Republic of Bashkortostan
• Republic of Buryatia
• Republic of Khakassia
• Republic of Daghestan
• Republic of Ingushetia
• Republic of Yakutia (Sakha)
• Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria
• Republic of Kalmykia
• Republic of Karachay-Circassia
• Republic of Karelia
• Republic of Komi
• Republic of Mari El
• Republic of Crimea
• Republic of Mordovia
• Republic of North Ossetia - Alania
• Republic of Tuva
• Republic of Tatarstan
• Republic of Chetchenia
• Republic of Chuvashia
• Republic of Udmurtia
• People's Republic of Donetsk
• People's Republic of Lugansk

• Jewish Autonomous Oblast
• Autonomous District of Yugra
• Autonomous District of Chukchia
• Autonomous District of Nenetsia
• Autonomous District of Yamal-Nenetsia

• Autonomous District of Komi-Permjakia
• Autonomous District of Taimyr
• Autonomous District of the Koryaks
• Autonomous District of the Evenks

• Ingermanland
• Lappland
• Siberia
• Wepsia
• Germans of Volga River

History

antiquity · tribes of the Eastern Slavs settle – coming from the Northern Carpathian Area – in the region northern the Black Sea

since 800 · Swedish Normans, so named Varegers, invade over the rivers Memel (Neman), Western Dvina, Neva and Volchov into the environment of the Eastern Slavs

862 · the Vareger Rjurik conquers the town of Nowgorod, the local Slavonic tribe of the Slovenes levies Rjurik to the "Prince of Novgorod", that establishes in this way the Rus of Novgorod, a Norman feudal state, and the until 1598 in Russia ruling Rjurik Dynasty

862–880 · the Varegers reach the Dnjepr River and advance to south

ca. 882 · the Varegers Askold and Dir conquer Kiev and establish the Rus of Kiev, a further Norman feudal state, the Vareger Oleg, successor of Rjurik, aims for the unification of Novgorod and Kiev

882 · unification of Kiev and Novgorod, establishment of the Empire of Kiev

911 · Oleg advances along Dnjepr River to the Black Sea and beleaguered successfully Constantinopel – the capital of the Byzantian Empire, making of a trade treaty with Byzantium

962–973 · reign of Svjatoslav in the Empire of Kiev, campaigns against the Slavonic tribes of the Vjatitshes, Wolynians and Drevljans, as well as against Chasars and Volga Bulgarians

988 · Vladimir the Saint introduces the Christianity

1019–1054 · reign of Yaroslav the Wise, the Empire of Kiev evolves its greatest power and dilation, in the north to the White Sea, in the East to the rivers Northern Dvina, Sukhona, Volga, Oka, Don, in the south to the Black Sea, in the west to the Carpathia Mountains and nearly to the Weichsel River, as well as to the today's eastern border of the Baltic states

ca. 1050–1150 · the people of Kumans conquers the south of the Empire of Kiev, loss of accession to the Black Sea, decay of trading, beginning disintegration of the empire

ca. 1150 · the Empire of Kiev disintegrates in several states, the most important: Principality of Vladimir-Wolynia in the west, Rus of Novgorod in the northwest, and Principality of Vladimir-Susdal in the northeast, Galitsh and Kiev in the south, Murom-Rjasan in the east

1237 · arrival of the Mongols, fall of Rjasan

1237–1238 · conquest of Vladimir-Susdal by the Mongols

1240 · conquest of Kiew, Wladimir-Wolynia and Galitsh by the Mongols, Novgorod remains unoccupied but has to make concessions to the Mongols, in the afteryears Novgorod sees a gigantic economical boom as town of trade and town in the Hanse Confederation (Hansetic League)

1242 · legendar (rather improbable) battle on the ice of the Peipus Sea, prevention of expansion of the Teutonic Order to the east Osten by Alexander Newskij – the sovereign of Novgorod

ca. 1300 · evolution of the Principality of Moscow under Mongol supremacy in the south of the former Vladimir-Susdal

1320/1340 · the Mongols elevate the Principality of Moscow to an Grand Principality

ca. 1360 · first battles of the Russians against the Mongols

1380 · first big victory of the Russians over the Mongols on the Snipe Field upon the River Don (Kulikovo Polye)

1425–1462 · reign of the Moscow Grand Prince Wassilij II., unification of the component principalities in the state of Moscow

1478 · conquest of the Principality of Novgorod by the Grand Principality of Moscow (in this way become the Ural Mountains in the north the Russian eastern border), Novgorod has to leave the Hanse Confederation, gradual economic decay

1480 · end of the tributary of Moscow toward the Mongols

1484 · conquest of the Principality of Koselsk by the Grand Principality of Moscow

1485 · conquest of the Principality of Twer by the Grand Principality of Moscow

1494 · conquest of the Principality of Wjasma by the Grand Principality of Moscow

1502 · Russian conquests in Livland (goal: accession of the Baltic Sea) fail in the resistance of the Teutonic Order, expulsion of the last Mongol Grand-Khan of the Golden Horde (Big Horde), in this way beginning Russian Eastern Expansion

1503 · eminent earnings of territory of the Grand Principality of Moscow in Poland-Lithuania

1510 · conquest of the Principality of Pleskau (Pskov) by the Grand Principality of Moscow

1515 · conquest of the Reign of Smolensk by the Grand Principality of Moscow in Poland-Lithuania

1521 · conquest of the Principality of Rjasan by the Grand Principality of Moscow, the Russian Grand Princes adope additional the title "Tsar" (Caesar → Tsar → Kaiser [emperor])

1547 · Grand Prince Ivan IV. (the Terrible) becomes crowned to Tsar, "hour of birth of the Russian empire"

1552 · conquest of the Mongol Khanate of Kasan by Russia

1558–1595 · Livonian War, war because of the division of the Baltic area of the State of the Teutonic Order among Russia, Poland-Lithuania, Sweden and Denmark

1558 · conquest of the Mongol Khanate of Astrakhan by Russia, in this way becomes the Ural River to the eastern Russian border in the south

1561 · end of the State of the Teutonic Order, transformation of Kurland in a Polish fiefdom, ceding of Livonia to Poland, ceding of Estonia to Sweden

1570 · the Russian Grand Prince (since 1547 tsar too) Ivan IV. (the Terrible) destroys Novgorod

1582 · conquest of the Mongol Khanate of Sibir by Russia, in this way becomes the upper part of the Yenissej River (beyond the Ural Mountains) the eastern Russian border in the north

1582 · Tsar Ivan IV. (the Terrible) disclaims his demands in Livonia

1595 · Tsar Ivan IV. (the Terrible) disclaims his demands in Estonia, end of the Livonian War

1598 · death of Tsar Ivan IV. (the Terrible), vanish of the Norman Rjurik dynasty

1598–1613 · "times of confusions (Smuta)"

1613–1645 · reign of Tsar Michael Fjodorovitsh Romanov, consolidation of Russia, expansion of the Russian territories in the east until Kamchatka Peninsula, establishment of the Romanov dynasty (to 1917)

1648 · Bohdan Michajlovitsh Chmielnitski separates the Ukraine from Poland

1654 · Russian-Ukrainian Treaty of Perejaslavl, annexion of the Ukraine by Russia

1654–1667 · Russian-Polish war, Poland has to cede the Ukraine eastern the Dnjepr River to Russia

1689–1725 · reign of Tsar Peter I. (the Great), transformation of Russia in a modern state

1700–1721 · Nordic War, Denmark, Saxony, Poland, Russia, Prussia, Hanover against Sweden, Poland has to cede Livonia, Sweden has to cede Estonia, Ingermanland and parts of Karelia to Russia, Russia becomes an east european leading might

1703 · transfer of the residency of the tsar from Moscow in the new build Sankt Petersburg

1721 · Tsar Peter I. (the Great) names itself "Emperor"

1731 · Russia submits the northern and western outer territories of the Kazakh Area

1774–1783 · earning of Tauria and of the Crimean Peninsula from the Ottoman Empire

1772 · First Polish Division, Russia annexes the north and the east of Belarus (White Russia) from Poland

1793 · Second Polish Division, Russia annexes Belarus (White Russia), Eastern Podlesia, Eastern Wolhynia and Podolia from Poland

1795 · Third Polish Division, Russia annexes Kurland, Lithuania, Western Podlesia and Western Wolhynia from Poland, Russia becomes an european great power

1806–1812 · Russian-Turkish war

1809 · Russia conquers Finland

1812 · Russia-Campaign of Napoléon I. (Emperor of France), marching-in in Moscow, march back under heavy casualties, defeat of France

1812 · Peace of Bucharest after the Russian-Turkish war, the eastern part of the Romanian Principality of Moldova (between the rivers Prut and Dnjestr) comes under the name Bessarabia to Russia

29th of March 1815 · Vienna Congress, reconfiguration of Europe after the era Napoléon, the Grand Duchy of Warsaw becomes dissolved and comes as "Kingdom of Poland" (Congress-Poland) to Russia and becomes effectively a Russian province

1824–1853 · Russia conquers the whole Kazakh Area

1828–1829 · Russian-Turkish war, defeat of Turkey (Ottoman Empire), Russia earns the delta of Danube river

1853–1856 · Crimean War: Turkey, United Kingdom, France and Sardinia against Russia, defeat of Russia, termination of the Russian expansions in the Balkan region

1858 · Treaty of Aihun, Russia aerns the Amur area and Northern Sakhalin Island

1859–1864 · Russia annexes Turkestan (today's Uzbekistan)

1861 · abolition of serfdom

1865 · Russia annexes Tashkent and Kyrgyzstan, formation of the Government General of Turkestan (today's Kazakhstan), in this way annexion by Russia

1868 · Russia annexes Samarkand and the Khanate of Bukhara

1873 · Russia annexes the Khanate of Chiva

1873–1878 · Three Emperor's Agreement between the German Empire, Austria-Hungary and Russia

1875 · Russia interchanges with Japan the Kuril Islands against Southern Sakhalin

1876 · Russia annexes the Khanate of Kokand

1878 · Berlin Congress, contractual termination of the Russian axpansions in the Balkan area

1881–1886 · Three Emperor's Treaty between the German Empire, Austria-Hungary and Russia

1887 · Reinsurance Treaty between the German Empire and Russia

1884 · Russia annexes Merw (Mary)

1890 · the German Empire rejects the renewal of the Reinsurance Treaty, Russia begins to orientate at France

1893–1895 · Russia annexes Tajikistan

1904–1905 · Russian-Japanese war, defeat of Russia, the Russian troops have to leave Manchouria and Russia has to recognize Korea as Japanese area of interests, furthermore Russia has to cede Liaotung Peninsula with Port Arthur Base and Southern Sakhalin Island to Japan

1905–1906 · Russian civil revolution, Russia gets a constitution

1st of August 1914 · Russia sparks quasi the First World War (1914–1918), it declares the war to Austria-Hungary, because of patriotic-nationalistic emotions in the year 1914 the German name of the city Sankt Petersburg becomes changed in Petrograd

November 1914–August 1915 · Russian Congress Poland becomes conquered by German and Austrian-Hungarian troops, the German and Austrian-Hungarian troops can advance to ca. 27° E.L., senseless position war

5th of November 1916 · Poland separates from Russia, proclamation of the Independent Kingdom of Poland

12th of March 1917 · civil "Februar Revolution" in Russia

15th of March 1917 · resignation of Tsar Nikolaus II., end of monarchy, formation of a provisional government of the Republic of Russia under Prince Georgij Jevgenyewitsh Lvov, later under Alexander Fyodorowitsh Kerenskij

March 1917 · the Ukraine separates from Russia and declares its independence (until the 22nd of January 1918, then establishment of the Soviet Power)

7th of November 1917 · bolshevist coup d'état ("October Revolution"), communists under W.I.Lenin seize the Power

6th of December 1917 · Finnland separates from Russia and declares its independence

20th of December 1917 · establishment of the Tsheka (bolshevist secret police), beginning of the red terror

22nd of December 1917 · start of the peace negotiations of Brest-Litovsk between Russia, Austria and the German Empire

18th of January 1918 · the Bolshevists liquidate the free elected parliament of Russia in which they had only 175 of 707 seats

18th of February 1918 · because the Bolshevists retarded the signing of the Peace of Brest-Litovsk, German and Austrian-Hungarian troops occupied large parts of Russia, ca. to the rivers Don, Donez, Sejm, Dnjepr and Velikaya

24th of February 1918 · Estonia separates from Russia and declares its independence

March/April 1918 · debarkation of foreign intervention troops in Murmansk (US-Americans, British, Frenchmen) and Vladivostok (Japanese) to strike down the coup d'état of Lenin

3rd of March 1918 · Russia signes the Peace of Brest-Litovsk

25th of March 1918 · Belarus (White Russia) separates from Russia and declares its independence (to 1919, then establishment of the Soviet Power)

19th of April 1918 · Lithuania separates from Russia and declares its independence

25th of May 1918 · the anti-bolshevist Czechoslovak Volunteer Corps begins the fight against bolshevism near Samara

26th of May 1918 · Georgia separates from Russia and declares its independence as Democratic Republic of Georgia (to 1921, then establishment of the Soviet Power)

8th of June 1918 · formation of a Russian civil counter-government in Samara

10th of July 1918 · appointment of a new constitution, Russia becomes the "Russian Socialistic Federative Soviet Republic (RSFSR, Soviet Russia)"

16th of July 1918 · Tsar Nikolaus II. and his whole family get murderd by Bolshevists

11th of November 1918 · end of the First World War, the German and Austrian troops withdraw from Soviet Russia

18th of November 1918 · Latvia separates from Russia and declares its independence, Alexander Wasilyevitsch Koltshak declares itself in Omsk to Imperial Regent and to the Supreme Commander of the anti-bolshevist troops

1918–1922 · civil war between civil, monarchistic and bolshevist forces under interference by foreign intervention troops, victory of the bolshevist forces, establishment of the Soviet power in whole Russia, this fact will cost the lives of ca 80.000.000 human beings in the direct scope of power of the Soviets until the year 1990

1919–1930 · formation of autonomous socialistic republics of nationalities within Russia (the today's members of the Russian Federation)

7th of February 1920 · Bolschevists murder Alexander Wasilyevitsch Koltshak in Irkutsk

April 1920 · Polish-Soviet Russian war

18th of March 1921 · Peace of Riga after the Polish-Soviet Russian war, Poland annexes large parts of Belarus (White Russia) and of the Ukraine

30th of December 1922 · foundation of the Soviet Union (USSR), combination of the Soviet Republics of Russia (RSFSR), Belarus (White Russia), Ukraine and of the Transcaucasian Federation

31st of January 1924 · new constitution for Russia (in the framework of USSR), in the same year Petrograd becomes renamed in Leningrad

1941–1945 · Second World War, Russia Campaign of the German Empire, Russia had heavyly to suffer under the effects of the war and has to give a high number of victims, Russians fought in high numbers within the Soviet troops against the Germans, but some Russians (ca. 100.000–200.000) hoped for a liberation from the bolshevism and fought within national Russian units (RONA, ROA, RNNA), or within the lines of the German War Might, or within special units by the hands of the German Empire

1991 · the remains of Tsar Nikolaus II. and his family get found in Yekaterinburg

1991 · Leningrad gets back its right name, from now on its name is Sankt Petersburg again

8th of December 1991 · Russia, Ukraine and Belarus (White Russia) declare themselves for sovereign and establish the "Commonwealth of Independent States" (CIS)

21st of December 1991 · joining of all former Soviet Republics of the USSR to the CIS (except Georgia)

31st of December in 1991 · the Soviet Union dissolves, the constitution of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (RSFSR, Russia), a former substate of the Soviet Union, remains in force for the time being

12th of December 1993 · first free elections since 1917

25th of December in 1993 · a new constitution for Russia (Russian Federation) comes into force, and the relationships with the members of the federation is re-regulated in this way

1994 · invasion of Russian troops in the Autonomous Republic of Chetchenia, which had declared unilaterally in 1991 its independence

8th of June 2000 · Chetchenia gets subordinated under direct presidial administration

14th of August 2000 (20th of August 2000) · Tsar Nikolaus II. becomes canonized by the Russian-Orthodox Church

16th of March in 2014 · after a coup in the Ukraine: referendum in the Republic of Crimea, an overwhelming majority votes in favor of a connection to Russia, on 18th of March the parliament of Crimea decides the affiliation to Russia, on 20th of March the parliament of Russia decides the affiliation of the Republic of Crimea to the Russian Federation

February 2022 · Russia invades Ukraine and starts a war, virtually as an escalation of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict in the Donbass region that has been simmering since 2014

30th of September in 2022 · annexation of the Republics of Luhansk and Donetsk and the Kherson and Zaporizhzhya Oblasts to the Russian Federation

Source: Atlas zur Geschichte, World Statesmen, Russiatrek, Die Völker der Erde, Wikipedia (D)

Origin of the Country's Name

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